How does reverse osmosis work?
EPA’s WaterSense program explains: “RO is the process by which pressure forces water through a semi-permeable membrane, creating a stream of treated water, called ‘permeate,’ and a stream of reject water called ‘concentrate’ or ‘brine.’”[1]
Home systems are point-of-use systems. The CDC says “Point-of-use systems treat water in batches and deliver it to a single tap, such as your kitchen sink,”[2] and EPA notes that “Under the sink systems are another POU option.”[3]
EPA describes the usual setup: reverse osmosis systems “force water through a thin barrier (in typically a three, four, or five stage filtration process) that separates chemicals from the water, creating a stream of treated drinking water and untreated water.”[3]
What can reverse osmosis reduce?
General information. This section describes reverse osmosis as a technology, not any particular system. What a specific system reduces is shown on its label and by its certification for each contaminant.
The CDC says “Reverse osmosis systems will remove some types of chemicals from water, including lead, copper, chromium, chloride, and sodium (salt). They may also reduce levels of arsenic, fluoride, radium, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, and phosphorous.”[2]
On PFAS, the New York State Department of Health says “Water filtration units that use granulated activated carbon (GAC, also called charcoal filters) and reverse osmosis (RO) can be effective in removing PFAS chemicals from drinking water.”[4] EPA adds that “the current certification standards for PFAS filters (as of April 2024) do not yet indicate that a filter will remove PFAS down to the levels EPA has now set for a drinking water standard.”[3] Our PFAS guide covers the rules and testing in more detail.
How to check a specific system
The CDC advises: “Check your treatment system’s label to make sure the system removes the chemicals or germs you are concerned about.”[2] For PFAS, EPA says to “Look on product labels for certification under NSF/ANSI 53 or NSF/ANSI 58 for PFAS reduction.”[3] For any specific contaminant, ask for independent certification data (for example NSF/ANSI listings) for the exact system you are considering.
How much water does reverse osmosis send down the drain?
Reverse osmosis splits the water it takes in. EPA explains that “The untreated water is sent ‘down the drain’ to septic or municipal sewer systems.”[3]
According to WaterSense, “a typical point-of-use RO system will generate five gallons or more of reject water for every gallon of treated water produced,” while “point-of-use RO systems that earn the WaterSense label must demonstrate that they send just 2.3 gallons of water or less down the drain for every gallon of treated water they produce.”[1] Ask about a system’s reject-water ratio before you buy.
Does reverse osmosis remove minerals?
It can. Among the substances reverse osmosis may reduce, the CDC lists calcium, magnesium and potassium.[2] pHountain Water Filtration’s Lifeguard Alkaline Reverse Osmosis System adds an alkaline remineralization stage after its reverse osmosis stage, and our Mineralizer System is a stage designed to add minerals to filtered drinking water.
What upkeep does reverse osmosis need?
EPA says a reverse osmosis system “Requires changing filter cartridges and the RO membrane,” and that “Filters are only effective if they are maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions for how long their filters or membranes will last before they need to be replaced.”[3] Replacement filter sets and membranes for the Lifeguard system are sold in our online store; ask us for its replacement schedule.